§16§The pathogenesis of viral infections involves dynamic interactions between viruses and hosts,which can result in different outcomes including cell death, elimination of the virus or latent infection.Viruses deliver genomes and p- teins with signaling potential into target cells, resulting in growth, prolife- tion and apoptosis.Viral infection modi?es key cell regulatory elements involved in apoptotic pathways to successfully accomplish viral replication despite the toxicity of viral products and the immune response elicited against the virus.Also,the interplay between virus-induced apoptosis and cell survival is mediated by an accurate balance between pro-death and anti-apoptotic signals triggered by cellular and viral proteins.Hence,viral survival products causing a delay in the completion of apoptotic process can be critical in the replication and propagation of viruses. Viral control of apoptosis can be a double-edged sword.In some viral inf- tions, immune cell apoptosis will c §16§ontribute to pathogenesis and determine disease evolution either by direct infection of immune cells or as a result of bystander cell apoptosis caused by viral proteins or mediators secreted from infected cells. The apoptotic mechanisms contributing to HIV pathogenesis, the functional consequences on the immune system and the effect of antiviral therapies on this process will be reviewed in depth in this Volume. §04§Cell Death Suppressors Encoded by Cytomegalovirus.- Apoptosis Regulator Genes Encoded by Poxviruses.- T-Cell-Mediated Control of Poxvirus Infection in Mice.- Switching On and Off the Cell Death Cascade: African Swine Fever Virus Apoptosis Regulation.- Neuronal Apoptosis Pathways in Sindbis Virus Encephalitis.- Apoptotic Pathways Triggered By HIV and Consequences on T Cell Homeostasis and HIV-Specific Immunity.- HIV and Apoptosis: a Complex Interaction Between Cell Death and Virus Survival.- Poliovirus and Apoptosis.- Flaviviruses and Apoptosis Regulation.- Manipulation of Apoptosis by Herpes Viruses (Kaposi's Sarcoma Pathogenesis).- Exploitation of Cell Cycle and Cell Death Controls by Adenoviruses: The Road to a Productive Infection.- Induction of Transformed Cell-Specific Apoptosis by the Adenovirus E4orf4 Protein.- Epstein-Barr Virus Signal Transduction and B-Lymphocyte Growth Transformation.- SV40 and Notch-I: Multi-functionality Meets Pleiotropy.- Signal Transduction and Apop §04§tosis Pathways as Therapeutic Targets.
